Resistance to herbivores and pathogens is considered a key plant trait with strong adaptive
value in trees, usually involving high concentrations of a diverse array of plant secondary …

Pine wilt disease (PWD), caused by the plant–parasitic nematode Bursaphelenchus
xylophilus, has become a severe environmental problem in the Iberian Peninsula with …

Apple (Malus domestica) is an economically important rosaceous fruit crop grown at
temperate climate zones. Nevertheless, its production is severely affected by scab disease …

External induction of resin secretion, based on the defence system of Pinus trees, has been
performed by humans since Classical times through various methods. The socio-economic …

Pairwise trade-offs among the main dimensions of life history of plants, namely growth,
reproduction and defence, have been hypothesized and repeatedly tested. Experimental …

Interspecific phenotypic variation in plant secondary metabolites (PSM) is often explained by
biotic and abiotic factors. However, patterns of variation within species do not clearly fit the …

The resource availability hypothesis (RAH) was formulated to disentangle patterns of
variation among species in plant antiherbivore defences. A novel theoretical framework was …

Herbivore damage commonly initiates an increased synthesis of chemical defensive
compounds in attacked plants. Such induced defences are a vital part of plant defence …

In this chapter we provide an overview of the many different defense strategies of conifers
against insect pests and fungal pathogens. Much of this chapter deals with the economically …

Key message A multiphasic response to water deficit was found in Scots pine primary and
secondary metabolism. First, an increase of terpenoids coincided with the stomatal closure …