Background Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP1RA) augment glucose-
dependent insulin release and reduce glucagon secretion and gastric emptying, enabling …

Obesity represents the single most important risk factor for early disability and death in
developed societies, and the incidence of obesity remains at staggering levels. CNS …

During the past 30 yr, investigating the physiology of eating behaviors has generated a truly
vast literature. This is fueled in part by a dramatic increase in obesity and its comorbidities …

The preproglucagon gene (Gcg) is expressed by specific enteroendocrine cells (L-cells) of
the intestinal mucosa, pancreatic islet α-cells, and a discrete set of neurons within the …

Bile acids are best known as detergents involved in the digestion of lipids. In addition, new
data in the last decade have shown that bile acids also function as gut hormones capable of …

Leptin is an adipocyte-secreted hormone that inhibits food intake and stimulates energy
expenditure through interactions with neuronal pathways in the brain, particularly pathways …

The circadian system orchestrates the temporal organization of many aspects of physiology,
including metabolism, in synchrony with the 24 hr rotation of the Earth. Like the metabolic …

Context Energy balance is critical for survival and health, and control of food intake is an
integral part of this process. This report reviews hormonal signals that influence food intake …

Leptin regulates energy homeostasis and reproductive, neuroendocrine, immune, and
metabolic functions. In this review, we describe the role of leptin in human physiology and …

Body weight is regulated by complex neurohormonal interactions between endocrine
signals of long-term adiposity (eg, leptin, a hypothalamic signal) and short-term satiety (eg …