Plants are often exposed to abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, heat, cold, and heavy
metals that induce complex responses, which result in reduced growth as well as crop yield …

Anthropogenic activities in the past and present eras have created global warming and
consequently a storm of drought stress, affecting both plants and animals. Being sessile …

Dynamic environmental changes such as extreme temperature, water scarcity and high
salinity affect plant growth, survival, and reproduction. Plants have evolved sophisticated …

Chromium (Cr) is an element naturally occurring in rocky soils and volcanic dust. It has been
classified as a carcinogen agent according to the International Agency for Research on …

In the past and present, human activities have been involved in triggering global warming,
causing drought stresses that affect animals and plants. Plants are more defenseless …

Plants are subjected to various abiotic stresses, such as drought, extreme temperature,
salinity, and heavy metals. Abiotic stresses have negative impact on the physiology and …

Drought stress is a severe environmental constraint among the emerging problems. Plants
are highly vulnerable to drought stress and a severe decrease in yield was recorded in the …

Phytohormones act as chemical messengers and, under a complex regulation, allow plants
to sustain biotic and abiotic stresses. Thus, phytohormones are known for their regulatory …

Abiotic stresses including drought, salinity, heat, cold, flooding, and ultraviolet radiation
causes crop losses worldwide. In recent times, preventing these crop losses and producing …

Jasmonates (JAs) and ethylene (ET), often acting cooperatively, play essential roles in
regulating plant defense against pests and pathogens. Recent research reviewed here has …