Virus-like particles (VLPs) have become key tools in biology, medicine and even
engineering. After their initial use to resolve viral structures at the atomic level, VLPs were …

Induced tolerogenic dendritic cells are a powerful immunotherapy for autoimmune disease
that have shown promise in laboratory models of disease and early clinical trials. In contrast …

Vaccines generate high-affinity antibodies by recruiting antigen-specific B cells to germinal
centers (GCs), but the mechanisms governing the recruitment to GCs on secondary …

Vaccine efficacy can be increased by arraying immunogens in multivalent form on virus-like
nanoparticles to enhance B-cell activation. However, the effects of antigen copy number …

How antigen valency affects B cells in vivo during immune responses is not well understood.
Here, using HIV immunogens with defined valencies ranging from 1 to 60, we investigated …

Virus-like particles (VLPs) have made giant strides in the field of vaccinology over the last
three decades. VLPs constitute versatile tools in vaccine development due to their …

Circular RNAs (circRNA) represent a distinct class of covalently closed-loop RNA molecules,
which play diverse roles in regulating biological processes and disease states. The …

The immune system plays a critical role in our health. No other component of human
physiology plays a decisive role in as diverse an array of maladies, from deadly diseases …

Therapeutic proteins have a propensity for aggregation during manufacturing, shipping, and
storage. The presence of aggregates in protein drug products can induce adverse immune …

The present vaccine against influenza virus has the inevitable risk of antigenic discordance
between the vaccine and the circulating strains, which diminishes vaccine efficacy. This …