Background Human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVECs) are widely used to study the
endothelial physiology and pathology that might be involved in sex and gender differences …

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the number one cause of morbidity and mortality in men
and women worldwide. According to the WHO, by 2015, almost 20 million people will die …

Premenopausal females have a comparably lower incidence of cardiovascular disease than
their male counterparts. Although estrogen and activation of estrogen receptors (ERs) have …

Preserving mitochondrial activity is crucial in rescuing cardiac function following acute
myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). The sex difference in myocardial functional recovery …

Demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, are characterized by inflammatory
demyelination and neurodegeneration of the central nervous system. Therapeutic strategies …

Premenopausal females have a lower incidence of death from cardiovascular disease
(CVD) than male counterparts, supporting the notion that estrogen is protective against the …

Most subtypes of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are characterized by a greater
susceptibility to disease among females, although females with PAH appear to live longer …

Important sex differences in the onset and characteristics of cardiovascular disease are
evident, yet the mechanistic details remain unresolved. Men are more susceptible to …

Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) is the most frequent cause of mortality among men and
women. Many epidemiological studies have demonstrated that premenopausal women …

Estrogen receptors (ER) mediate functions beyond their endocrine roles, as modulation of
cardiovascular, renal, and immune systems through anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic …