Doping with performance enhancing substances in professional andamateur sports has
increasingly gained awareness. Furthermore, not only thenumber but also the variety of …

High serum levels of asymmetric dimethyl arginine (ADMA) are associated with
cardiovascular disease and mortality. Pharmacological agents to specifically lower ADMA …

The female sex has been associated with improved myocardial salvage after ischemia and
reperfusion (I/R). Estrogen, specifically 17β-estradiol, has been demonstrated to mediate …

Androgens may provide protective effects in the vasculature under pathophysiological
conditions. Our past studies have shown that dihydrotestosterone (DHT) decreases …

Protein kinases are intimately integrated in different signal transduction pathways for the
regulation of cardiac function in both health and disease. Protein kinase A (PKA), Ca2+ …

Abstract Phosphoinositide-3 kinases (PI3Ks) are critical regulatory proteins in the
immunologic defense system against sepsis. The PI3K mechanism helps modulate cellular …

Aucubin (AU) is an iridoid glycoside that has been shown to display estrogenic properties
and has various pharmacological effects. Herein, we described the angiogenic properties of …

Differences in cardiovascular disease outcomes between men and women have long been
recognized and attributed, in part, to gender and sex steroids. Gender dimorphisms also …

Abstract Panax notoginseng (Burk.) FH Chen has been used traditionally for the treatment of
cardiovascular diseases. Notoginsenoside Ft1 (Ft1) is a bioactive saponin from the leaves of …

Secretion of multifunctional estrogen and its receptor has been widely considered as the
reason for markedly higher frequency of heart disease in men than in women. 17β-Estradiol …