Adolescents are especially likely to initiate tobacco use and are more vulnerable to long-
term nicotine dependence. A unifying hypothesis is proposed based largely on animals …

Ethanol-induced behavioral sensitization (EBS) was first described in 1980, approximately
10 years after the phenomenon was described for psychostimulants. Ethanol acts on γ …

Background: Adolescent rats are less sensitive to the sedative effects of ethanol than older
animals. They also seem to perceive the reinforcing properties of ethanol. However, unlike …

The motivational effects of drugs play a key role during the transition from casual use to
abuse and dependence. Ethanol reinforcement has been successfully studied through …

Background: Alcohol use disorders (abuse and dependence, AUD) are multifactorial
phenomena, depending on the interplay of environmental and genetic variables. Method …

Adolescents and adults differ in their behavioral sensitivities to drugs of abuse, including
nicotine. Studies have shown that both rewarding and aversive properties of drugs of abuse …

As has been repeatedly demonstrated, alcohol can exert deleterious morphological and
physiological effects during early stages in development. The present review examines …

Adolescents are sensitive to the anxiolytic effect of ethanol, and evidence suggests that they
may be more sensitive to stress than adults. Relatively little is known, however, about age …

Adolescent initiation of ethanol consumption is associated with subsequent heightened
probability of ethanol use disorders. The present study examined the relationship between …

Adolescent rats exhibit ethanol‐induced locomotor activity (LMA), which is considered an
index of ethanol's motivational properties likely to predict ethanol self‐administration, but few …