Natural living materials serving as biotherapeutics exhibit great potential for treating various
diseases owing to their immunoactivity, tissue targeting, and other biological activities. In this …

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are lipid-membrane-bounded nanoparticles that are
released from Gram-negative bacteria via vesiculation of the outer membrane. They have …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound structures released by cells and have
become significant players in immune system functioning, primarily by facilitating cell-to-cell …

Abstract Bacterial-extracellular-vesicles (BEVs) derived from Escherichia coli, strain-A5922,
were used as a therapeutic tool to treat colon cancer cells, HT-29. BEVs induced oxidative …

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are nanoscale lipid bilayer structures released by gram-
negative bacteria. They share membrane composition and properties with their originating …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are natural particles secreted by living cells, which hold
significant potential for various therapeutic applications. Native EVs have specific …

Because therapeutic cancer vaccines can, in theory, eliminate tumor cells specifically with
relatively low toxicity, they have long been considered for application in repressing cancer …

Although we have made remarkable achievements in cancer awareness and medical
technology, there are still tremendous increases in cancer incidence and mortality. However …

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common malignant digestive tract tumor in colorectal regions.
Considerable evidence now shows that the gut microbiota have essential roles in CRC …

Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is an effective tumor treatment strategy that not only induces
photocytotoxicity to kill tumor cells directly but also activates the immune system in the body …