Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a central regulator of immunity. Due to its dominant pro-
inflammatory effects, drugs that neutralize TNF were developed and are clinically used to …

Emerging evidence suggests a key contribution to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
pathogenesis by Th17 cells. The pathogenic characteristics and mechanisms of hepatic …

An interesting puzzle is the fact that an infection of a tumor necrosis factor α (TNF)-deficient
host with pathogens such as bacteria or parasites that reside intracellularly inevitably ends …

Staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause of skin and soft tissue infections and is a major
health burden due to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains. To address the unmet …

The oxidative burst generated by the host immune system can restrict intracellular parasite
entry and growth. While this burst leads to the induction of antioxidative enzymes, the …

Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus
Leishmania. Successful clearance of Leishmania relies on a robust human immune …

Understanding the immune response to Leishmania infection and identifying biomarkers
that correlate with protection are crucial for developing effective vaccines. One intriguing …

CD4+ T regulatory cells (Tregs) are a group of T lymphocytes that maintain self-tolerance
and protect the host from inflammation-induced tissue damage. An interacting network of …

Leishmania parasites infect mammalian hosts through the bites of sand fly vectors. The
response by mast cells (MC) to the parasite and vector-derived factors, delivered by sand fly …

Arginase (Arg) 1 is expressed by hematopoietic (eg, macrophages) and nonhematopoietic
cells (eg, endothelial cells) and converts l-arginine into ornithine and urea. The enzyme is …