The bacterial superantigens are protein toxins that bind to major histocompatibility complex
class II and T‐cell receptor to stimulate large numbers of T cells. The majority are produced …

Mycoplasmas, the smallest bacteria lacking a cell wall, can cause various diseases in both
humans and animals. Mycoplasmas harbor a variety of virulence factors that enable them to …

The endothelium lining blood and lymphatic vessels is a key barrier separating body fluids
from host tissues and is a major target of pathogenic bacteria. Endothelial cells are actively …

The incidence of allergies has recently been increasing worldwide. Immunoglobulin E (IgE)-
mediated hypersensitivity is central to the pathogenesis of asthma, hay fever and other …

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules display peptides to the T cell
receptor (TCR). The ability of the TCR to discriminate foreign from self-peptides presented …

Superantigens (SAgs) are a family of highly potent mitogens that share the ability to trigger
excessive stimulation of human and other mammalian T lymphocytes. This leads to a …

Superantigens (SAgs) are a family of highly potent mitogens that share the ability to trigger
excessive stimulation of human and other mammalian T lymphocytes. This leads to a …

T cells bearing receptors made up of α and β chains (TCR s) usually react with peptides
bound to major histocompatibility complex proteins (MHC). This bias could be imposed by …

Superantigens are immune-stimulatory toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus, which
are able to interact with host immune receptors to induce a massive release of cytokines …

Background The pathogenicity of pneumococcus with high morbidity, mortality, and multi-
drug resistance patterns has been increasing. The limited coverage of the licensed …