COPII and COPI mediate the formation of membrane vesicles translocating in opposite
directions within the secretory pathway. Live-cell and electron microscopy revealed a novel …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are receptors of the innate immune system responsible for
recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns. TLR2 seems to be the most …

The fungal macrocyclic lactone brefeldin A (BFA) has proved to be of great value as an
inhibitor of protein trafficking in the endomembrane system of mammalian cells (Sciaky et al …

It is unknown how Legionella pneumophila cells escape the degradative lysosomal pathway
after phagocytosis by macrophages and replicate in an organelle derived from the …

Estimates based on proteomic analyses indicate that a third of translated proteins in
eukaryotic genomes enter the secretory pathway. After folding and assembly of nascent …

Little is known about how the distinct architectures of dendrites and axons are established.
From a genetic screen, we isolated dendritic arbor reduction (dar) mutants with reduced …

Newly synthesized secretory cargo molecules pass through the Golgi apparatus while
resident Golgi proteins remain in the organelle. However, the pathways of membrane traffic …

Mammalian responses to LPS require the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), CD14,
and MD-2. We expressed fluorescent TLR4 in cell lines and found that TLR4 densely …

Autophagy is an important cellular degradation pathway present in all eukaryotic cells. Via
this pathway, portions of the cytoplasm and/or organelles are sequestered in double …

Formation of the autophagosome requires significant membrane input from cellular
organelles. However, no direct evidence has been developed to link autophagic factors and …