During pregnancy and lactation, female physiology adapts to meet the added nutritional
demands of fetuses and neonates. An average full-term fetus contains∼ 30 g calcium, 20 g …

Calcium is an essential trace element and a vital contributor to numerous reactions in
virtually every human cell. To ensure normal physiologic functions, intracellular and …

Hypoparathyroidism (HypoPT) is a rare (orphan) endocrine disease with low calcium and
inappropriately low (insufficient) circulating parathyroid hormone levels, most often in adults …

Context: Understanding the etiology, diagnosis, and symptoms of hypoparathyroidism may
help to improve quality of life and long-term disease outcomes. This paper summarizes the …

Vitamin D deficiency is common and there exists a huge gap between recommended dietary
vitamin D intakes and the poor vitamin D supply in the general population. While vitamin D is …

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: Clifford J. Rosen, MD, Maine Medical Center Research Institute,
Scarborough, Maine SENIOR ASSOCIATE EDITORS: Juliet E. Compston, MD, FRCP …

Recent research activities have provided new insights in vitamin D metabolism in various
conditions. Furthermore, substantial progress has been made in the analysis of vitamin D …

Metabolic Bone Disease (MBD) of prematurity is a multifactorial disorder commonly
observed in very low birth weight (VLBW,< 1,500 g) newborns, with a greater incidence in …

Intestinal Ca 2+ absorption is a crucial physiological process for maintaining bone
mineralization and Ca 2+ homeostasis. It occurs through the transcellular and paracellular …

The role of vitamin D beyond its classical function in calcium homeostasis has been of
significant interest in recent years. There has been expanding research on the pleiotropic …