The globus pallidus externa (GPe) functions as a central hub in the basal ganglia for
processing motor and non-motor information through the creation of complex connections …

Studies of the pathophysiology of parkinsonism (specifically akinesia and bradykinesia)
have a long history and primarily model the consequences of dopamine loss in the basal …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterised by the emergence of beta frequency oscillatory
synchronisation across the cortico-basal-ganglia circuit. The relationship between the …

The ability to dynamically change motor outputs, such as stopping an initiated response, is
an important aspect of human behavior. A hyperdirect pathway between the inferior frontal …

Dopamine exerts modulatory signals on cortex–basal ganglia circuits to enable flexible
motor control. Parkinson's disease is characterized by a loss of dopaminergic innervation in …

The dynamical properties of cortico-basal ganglia (CBG) circuits are dramatically altered
following the loss of dopamine in Parkinson's disease (PD). The neural circuit dysfunctions …

The subthalamic nucleus (STN) controls basal ganglia outputs via the substantia nigra pars
reticulata (SNr) and the globus pallidus internus (GPi). However, the synaptic properties of …

The primary motor cortex (M1) is crucial for movement execution, especially dexterous ones,
but also for cognitive functions like motor learning. The acquisition of motor skills to execute …

Neuromodulation of deep brain structures (deep brain stimulation) is the current surgical
procedure for treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). Less studied is the stimulation of …

The basal ganglia (BG) are a collection of interconnected subcortical nuclei that participate
in a great variety of functions, ranging from motor programming and execution to procedural …