The p38 MAPK protein kinases affect a variety of intracellular responses, with well-
recognized roles in inflammation, cell-cycle regulation, cell death, development …

Mitogen-activated protein kinase dual-specificity phosphatase-1 (also called MKP-1,
DUSP1, ERP, CL100, HVH1, PTPN10, and 3CH134) is a member of the threonine-tyrosine …

Chronic pain patients exhibit increased anxiety, depression, and deficits in learning and
memory. Yet how persistent pain affects the key brain area regulating these behaviors, the …

A surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland triggers ovulation, oocyte
maturation, and luteinization for successful reproduction in mammals. Because the signaling …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease in which imbalances in pro-and
anti-inflammatory cytokines promote the induction of autoimmunity, inflammation and joint …

The restoration of myelin sheaths on demyelinated axons remains a major obstacle in the
treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). Currently approved therapies work by modulating the …

Calcium is a key signaling ion involved in many different intracellular and extracellular
processes ranging from synaptic activity to cell-cell communication and adhesion. The exact …

Rationale: An increase in cardiac afterload typically produces concentric hypertrophy
characterized by an increase in cardiomyocyte width, whereas volume overload or exercise …

Shock wave treatment accelerates impaired wound healing in diverse clinical situations.
However, the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of shock waves have not yet …

The mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases ERK1 and ERK2 are critical intracellular
signaling intermediates; however, little is known about their isoform-specific functions in …