A core tenant in the field of ecological immunology is that immune responses trade off with
other physiological functions due to resource allocation costs. Caterpillars, for example, tend …

Although predator exposure increases the risk of wound infections, it typically induces
immunosuppression. A number of non-mutually exclusive hypotheses have been put …

Given the barrage of natural enemies that lepidopterans face during their larval stage, the
immune response should provide reliable, effective defense against pathogens, parasites …

Overwintering insects face multiple stressors, including pathogen and parasite pressures
that shift with seasons. However, we know little of how the insect immune system fluctuates …

Herbivorous insects have evolved various anti-predator defences, including morphological,
behavioural, and immune defences, which can make biocontrol of herbivorous pests …

Mounting an immune response consumes resources, which should lead to increased
feeding. However, activating the immune system reduces feeding (ie illness-induced …

Physiological responses to short-term environmental stressors, such as infection, can have
long-term consequences for fitness, particularly if the responses are inappropriate or nutrient …

Insecticide exposure has been identified as a contributing stressor to the decline in the North
American monarch butterfly Danaus plexippus L.(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) population …

An explosion of data has provided detailed information about organisms at the molecular
level. For some traits, this information can accurately predict phenotype. However …

Background Xyleborus affinis Eichhoff (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is an ambrosia beetle
reported to affect avocado trees (Persea americana Mill.). The use of the entomopathogenic …