The view that substance addiction is a brain disease, although widely accepted in the
neuroscience community, has become subject to acerbic criticism in recent years. These …

Compulsion is a cardinal symptom of drug addiction (severe substance use disorder).
However, compulsion is observed in only a small proportion of individuals who repeatedly …

Within the last two decades, many studies have addressed the clinical phenomenon of
Internet-use disorders, with a particular focus on Internet-gaming disorder. Based on …

As the proverbial creatures of habit, people tend to repeat the same behaviors in recurring
contexts. This review characterizes habits in terms of their cognitive, motivational, and …

A decade ago, we hypothesized that drug addiction can be viewed as a transition from
voluntary, recreational drug use to compulsive drug-seeking habits, neurally underpinned by …

Background Methamphetamine has long been considered as a neurotoxic substance
causing cognitive deficits. Recently, however, the magnitude and the clinical significance of …

Although it is challenging for individuals with cocaine addiction to achieve abstinence, the
greatest difficulty is avoiding relapse to drug taking, which is often triggered by cues …

While chronic pain is considered by some to be a CNS disease, little is understood about
underlying neurobiological mechanisms. Addiction models have heuristic value in this …

Opioid use kills tens of thousands of Americans each year, devastates families and entire
communities, and cripples the health care system. Exposure to opioids causes long-term …

Addiction is a complex disease that impacts millions of people around the world. Clinically,
addiction is formalized as substance use disorder (SUD), with three primary symptom …