Abstract Context The European Association of Urology (EAU) has updated its guidelines on
sexual and reproductive health for 2021. Objective To present a summary of the 2021 …

A severe decline in child births has occurred over the past half century, which will lead to
considerable population declines, particularly in industrialized regions. A crucial question is …

BACKGROUND Human male infertility has a notable genetic component, including well-
established diagnoses such as Klinefelter syndrome, Y-chromosome microdeletions and …

Infertility is a rising global health issue with a far‐reaching impact on the socioeconomic
livelihoods. As there are highly complex causes of male and female infertility, it is highly …

Spermatogenesis and folliculogenesis involve cell–cell interactions and gene expression
orchestrated by luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). FSH …

Infertility is defined as the inability of couples to have a baby after one year of regular
unprotected intercourse, affecting 10 to 15% of couples. According to the latest WHO …

Background Crypto-and azoospermia (very few/no sperm in the semen) are main
contributors to male factor infertility. Genetic causes for spermatogenic failure (SPGF) …

The functions of Sertoli cells in spermatogenesis have attracted much more attention
recently. Normal spermatogenesis depends on Sertoli cells, mainly due to their influence on …

It is estimated that infertility affects 8–12% of couples globally, with a male factor being a
primary or contributing cause in approximately 50% of couples. Causes of male subfertility …

Azoospermia affects 1% of men, and it can be due to:(i) hypothalamic-pituitary
dysfunction,(ii) primary quantitative spermatogenic disturbances,(iii) urogenital duct …