Executive summary Despite substantial progress in reducing the global impact of many non-
communicable diseases, including heart disease and cancer, morbidity and mortality due to …

Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an increasingly important
cause of morbidity, disability, and mortality worldwide. We aimed to estimate global …

Background Appropriate interpretation of pulmonary function tests (PFTs) involves the
classification of observed values as within/outside the normal range based on a reference …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was traditionally thought to be caused by
tobacco smoking. However, recognition of the importance of non-smoking-related risk …

Attempts to define concepts and things date back to the time of Aristotle, around 2,400 years
ago, when he proposed that a definition should state the essential nature or being of …

The traditional view of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as a self-inflicted
disease caused by tobacco smoking in genetically susceptible individuals has been …

Over 200 years ago, René Laennec published the first description of emphysema, an
important pathobiological element of what is today known as chronic obstructive pulmonary …

The population is aging at a rate never seen before in human history. As the number of
elderly adults grows, it is imperative we expand our understanding of the underpinnings of …

The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) has published the
complete 2023 GOLD report, which can be freely downloaded from its web page (www …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is currently a leading cause of death
worldwide, and its burden is expected to rise in the coming years. Common COPD …