Animal behavior is shaped by a variety of" internal states"—partially hidden variables that
profoundly shape perception, cognition, and action. The neural basis of internal states, such …

During sleep, animals do not eat, reproduce or forage. Sleeping animals are vulnerable to
predation. Yet, the persistence of sleep despite evolutionary pressures, and the deleterious …

Efforts are ongoing to map synaptic wiring diagrams, or connectomes, to understand the
neural basis of brain function. However, chemical synapses represent only one type of …

Neuropeptides and peptide hormones are ancient, widespread signaling molecules that
underpin almost all brain functions. They constitute a broad ligand-receptor network, mainly …

INTRODUCTION Global brain states such as sleep and wakefulness involve
reconfigurations of neural circuit activity across the entire nervous system. Yet it is not …

Sleep is nearly ubiquitous throughout the animal kingdom, yet little is known about how
ecological factors or perturbations to the environment shape the duration and timing of …

Despite decades of intense study, the functions of sleep are still shrouded in mystery. The
difficulty in understanding these functions can be at least partly attributed to the varied …

Animals with complex nervous systems demand sleep for memory consolidation and
synaptic remodeling. Here, we show that, although the Caenorhabditis elegans nervous …

The TFAP2 family regulates gene expression during differentiation, development, and
organogenesis, and includes five homologs in humans. They all possess a highly conserved …

A hallmark of adaptive behavior is the ability to flexibly respond to sensory cues. To
understand how neural circuits implement this flexibility, it is critical to resolve how a static …