History suggests β agonists, the cognate ligand of the β 2 adrenoceptor, have been used as
bronchodilators for around 5,000 years, and β agonists remain today the frontline treatment …

β2-Agonists are effective bronchodilators due primarily to their ability to relax airway smooth
muscle (ASM). They exert their effects via their binding to the active site of β2-adrenoceptors …

Background The role of long-acting, inhaled β2-agonists in treating asthma is uncertain. In a
double-blind study, we evaluated the effects of adding inhaled formoterol to both lower and …

Signaling through G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediates numerous airway smooth
muscle (ASM) functions including contraction, growth, and" synthetic" functions that …

Objectives: To provide physicians with current guidelines for the diagnosis and optimal
management of asthma in children and adults, including pregnant women and the elderly, in …

Theophylline has been a popular medication for asthma for over 50 years. However, the
introduction of newer pharmacologic agents, concern about the toxicity of theophylline, and …

A chronic inflammatory process is almost invariably associated with tissue damage and
healing. Healing results in repair and replacement of dead or damaged cells by viable cells …

Short-acting β-adrenergic receptor agonists have pharmacologically predictable dose-
related and potency-related adverse effects, including tachycardia and tremor, and they also …

Regular inhaled β 2 agonist causes tolerance to the acute protective effect of β 2 agonist
against bronchoconstriction induced by chemical stimuli such as AMP, histamine, and …

Background. An effective, long-acting bronchodilator could benefit patients with asthma who
have symptoms not controlled by antiinflammatory drugs. We compared a new long-acting …