The field of metabolomics examines the overall composition and dynamic patterns of
metabolites in living organisms. The primary methods used in metabolomics include liquid …

Lactate is not only the energy substrate of neural cells, but also an important signal molecule
in brain. In modern societies, disturbed circadian rhythms pose a global challenge …

Ionizing radiation (IR) poses a significant threat to both the natural environment and
biological health. Exposure to specific doses of ionizing radiation early in an organism's …

Sodium para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS-Na) treatment for manganese (Mn) intoxication has
shown efficacy in experimental and clinical studies, giving rise to additional studies on its …

Glutamate is one of the predominant excitatory neurotransmitters released from the central
nervous system; however, at high concentrations, this substance may induce excitotoxicity …

Reactive astrocytes are key players in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND),
and different types of reactive astrocytes play opposing roles in the neuropathologic …

Aim Astrocytes respond to stressors by acquiring a reactive state characterized by changes
in their morphology and function. Molecules underlying reactive astrogliosis, however …

With the rapidly aging human population, age-related cognitive decline and dementia are
becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide. Aging is considered the main risk factor for …

Ageing is associated with a morphological and functional decline of astrocytes with a
prevalence of morphological atrophy and loss of function. In particular, ageing is manifested …

Abstract NCX1, NCX2, and NCX3 gene isoforms and their splice variants are
characteristically expressed in different regions of the brain. The tissue-specific splice …