Hominoids exhibit a strikingly diverse set of locomotor adaptations—including knuckle-
walking, brachiation, quadrumanuous suspension, and striding bipedalism—while also …

In 1938, the first distal femur of a fossil Australopithecus was discovered at Sterkfontein,
South Africa. A decade later, another distal femur was discovered at the same locality. These …

Recent fossil records have suggested that human erect bipedal locomotion started in Africa
probably more than 6 million years ago. However, debate continues regarding how …

The scapula shares developmental and functional relationships with traits of the
basicranium, vertebral column, humerus, and clavicle. As a limb girdle, it also shares …

Background Despite the rising interest in homeotic genes, little has been known about the
course and pattern of evolution of homeotic traits across the mammalian radiation. An array …

Studies of fossil hominins are traditionally taxonomically narrow and often exclude
comparisons with hylobatids. Hence, results of functional analyses of postcrania, interpreted …

An ape partial postcranial skeleton (KNM-NP 64631) was recovered during the 2015–2021
field seasons at Napudet, a Middle Miocene (∼ 13 Ma) locality in northern Kenya. Bony …

The evolution of the hominoid lineage is characterized by pervasive homoplasy, notably in
regions such as the vertebral column, which plays a central role in body support and …

In this study we perform a three‐dimensional geometric morphometric (3D GM) analysis of
the proximal epiphysis of the humerus in extant great apes, including humans, in order to …

In approaching the definition of the last common ancestor of apes and humans, one has first
to establish the phylogenetic relationships of the extant taxa based on their genealogical …