Introduction: High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a ubiquitous nuclear protein that
promotes inflammation when released extracellularly after cellular activation, stress …

Injury caused by oxidative stress occurs in many clinical scenarios involving ischemia and
reperfusion such as organ transplantation, hemorrhagic shock (HS), myocardial infarction …

Objective: To evaluate whether TAK-242, a small-molecule inhibitor of Toll-like receptor-4–
mediated signaling, suppresses cytokine levels and improves 28-day all-cause mortality …

Review on how traumatic injuries influence immune system phenotypes and functions.
Traumatic injuries induce a complex host response that disrupts immune system …

Haemorrhagic shock and resuscitation (HS/R) following major trauma results in a global
ischaemia and reperfusion injury that may lead to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome …

Objective Synovial inflammation, a feature of both osteoarthritis (OA) and meniscal injury, is
hypothesized to be triggered in part via stimulation of Toll‐like receptors (TLRs). We …

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a challenging disease to treat, and caring for patients
afflicted by it remains both frustrating and difficult. While NEC may develop quickly and …

Background Injurious non-microbial factors released from the stressed gut during shocked
states contribute to the development of acute lung injury (ALI) and multiple organ …

Inflammation of the airways, which is often associated with life-threatening infection by Gram-
negative bacteria or presence of endotoxin in the bioaerosol, is still a major cause of severe …

Acute lung injury (ALI) frequently occurs in traumatic patients and serves as an important
component of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Hemorrhagic shock (HS) …