Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a major contributing factor for discogenic low back
pain (LBP), causing a significant global disability. The IVD consists of an inner core …

I. INTRODUCTION 1877 II. STUDYING THE... 1881 III. MICROBIOTA-GUT-BRAIN AXIS...
1907 IV. PATHWAYS OF COMMUNICATION 1911 V. MICROBIOTA AND SYNAPTIC... 1929 …

Balanced general anesthesia, the most common management strategy used in anesthesia
care, entails the administration of different drugs together to create the anesthetic state …

5-HT receptors expressed throughout the human body are targets for established
therapeutics and various drugs in development. Their diversity of structure and function …

Plaguing humans for more than two millennia, manifest on every continent studied, and with
more than one billion patients having an attack in any year, migraine stands as the sixth …

Pain can be both a cause and a consequence of sleep deficiency. This bidirectional
relationship between sleep and pain has important implications for clinical management of …

Chronic pain is a condition in which pain progresses from an acute to chronic state and
persists beyond the healing process. Chronic pain impairs function and decreases patients' …

Exercise is considered an important component of effective chronic pain management and it
is well-established that long-term exercise training provides pain relief. In healthy, pain-free …

Tricyclic antidepressants and serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors are used to treat
chronic pain, such as neuropathic pain. Why antidepressants are effective for treatment of …

Injury to or disease of the nervous system can invoke chronic and sometimes intractable
neuropathic pain. Many parallel, interdependent, and time-dependent processes, including …