Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Immune checkpoint
inhibitors, including monoclonal antibodies against programmed death-1 (PD-1) and …

Historically, the 4Rs and then the 5Rs of radiobiology explained the effect of radiation
therapy (RT) fractionation on the treatment efficacy. These 5Rs are: Repair, Redistribution …

Carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT) is an emerging type of radiotherapy for the treatment of solid
tumors. In recent years, evidence accumulated that CIRT improves the therapeutic outcome …

The abscopal effect is a systemic immune response mediated by the effects of radiation on
the immune system. This effect has been observed in a number of cancer types in addition to …

Hormesis is any kind of biphasic dose-response when low doses of some agents are
beneficial while higher doses are detrimental. Radiation hormesis is the most thoroughly …

Photobiomodulation (PBM) is a therapeutic modality that has gained increasing interest in
neuroscience applications, including acute traumatic brain injury (TBI). Its proposed …

The role of Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) is a “double-edged sword” with regards to tumors.
The location and interactions of HSPs determine their pro-or antitumor activity. The present …

Radiotherapy is an effective treatment for breast cancer and other thoracic tumors. However,
while high-energy radiotherapy treatment successfully kills cancer cells, radiation exposure …

In the stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) and immunotherapy era, we are moving toward
an “immunological radiation plan”, ie, radiation scheduling with abscopal effect as a vital …

Introduction Oncological treatments are changing rapidly due to the advent of several
targeted anticancer drugs and regimens. The primary new area of research in oncological …