Adenosine is a ubiquitous endogenous autacoid whose effects are triggered through the
enrollment of four G protein-coupled receptors: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Due to the rapid …

Purinergic signalling, ie, the role of nucleotides as extracellular signalling molecules, was
proposed in 1972. However, this concept was not well accepted until the early 1990's when …

There is nervous control of the heart by ATP as a cotransmitter in sympathetic,
parasympathetic, and sensory-motor nerves, as well as in intracardiac neurons. Centers in …

Extracellular nucleotides, mainly ATP, but also ADP, UTP, UDP and UDP-sugars,
adenosine, and adenine base participate in the “purinergic signalling” pathway, an …

The cardiac autonomic nervous system (CANS) plays a key role for the regulation of cardiac
activity with its dysregulation being involved in various heart diseases, such as cardiac …

Ecto-5′-nucleotidase [cluster of differentiation 73 (CD73)] is a ubiquitously expressed
glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored glycoprotein that converts extracellular adenosine …

Cardiac connexin-43 (Cx43) creates gap junction channels (GJCs) at intercellular contacts
and hemi-channels (HCs) at the peri-junctional plasma membrane and sarcolemmal …

Extracellular nucleotides, and ATP in particular, are cellular signal substances involved in
the control of numerous (patho) physiological mechanisms. They provoke nucleotide …

Purinergic P2X7 receptor, a nonselective cation channel, is highly expressed in immune
cells as well as cardiac smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells. Its activation exhibits to …

There is long-term (trophic) purinergic signalling involving cell proliferation, differentiation,
motility and death in the development and regeneration of most systems of the body, in …