Memory B cells (MBCs) are critical for the rapid development of protective immunity
following re-infection. MBCs capable of neutralizing distinct subclasses of pathogens, such …

Cbl proteins are ubiquitin ligases and multifunctional adaptor proteins that are implicated in
the regulation of signal transduction in various cell types and in response to different stimuli …

Protective humoral memory forms in secondary lymphoid organs where B cells undergo
affinity maturation and differentiation into memory or plasma cells. Here, we provide a …

Chitin is a ubiquitous polysaccharide in fungi, insects, and parasites. We hypothesized that
chitin is a size-dependent regulator of innate immunity. To test this hypothesis, we …

Recognition of pathogen‐associated molecular signatures is critically important in proper
activation of the immune system. The toll‐like receptor (TLR) signaling network is …

Signaling through the B cell receptor (BCR) plays a critical role at multiple checkpoints of B
cell biology. BCR acts as a gatekeeper of the progression of their early development in bone …

The proto‐oncogenic protein c‐Cbl was discovered as the cellular form of v‐Cbl, a retroviral
transforming protein. This was followed over the years by important discoveries, which …

Inflammation is a series of complex biological responses to protect the host from pathogen
invasion. Chronic inflammation is considered a major cause of diseases, such as various …

Skeletal muscle atrophy caused by unloading is characterized by both decreased
responsiveness to myogenic growth factors (eg, insulin-like growth factor 1 [IGF-1] and …

Gene‐targeting experiments have highlighted the importance of the intracellular protein
tyrosine kinases, Lyn, Syk, and Btk, in B‐cell receptor‐mediated phospholipase Cγ2 and …