Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome characterized by the activation of at least
several neurohumoral pathways that have a common role in maintaining cardiac output and …

Small synthetic molecules called growth hormone secretagogues (GHSs) stimulate the
release of growth hormone (GH) from the pituitary. They act through the GHS-R, a G protein …

Agouti-related-peptide (AgRP) neurons—interoceptive neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the
hypothalamus (ARC)—are both necessary and sufficient for driving feeding behavior. To …

Encyclopedia of Human Nutrition, Second Edition is a thorough revision and 20% expansion
of the 1998 release, reflecting the continuing scientific advances in the field of human …

Leptin is an adipocyte‐derived hormone that acts on the hypothalamus to influence feeding,
metabolism and reproduction, but the cellular and molecular targets for the action of leptin in …

Recent progress in the field of energy homeostasis was triggered by the discovery of
adipocyte hormone leptin and revealed a complex regulatory neuroendocrine network. A …

Islet dysfunction—characterized by a combination of defective insulin secretion,
inappropriately high glucagon secretion and reduced β-cell mass—has a central role in the …

Obesity has become a leading public health concern. Over 1 billion people are now
overweight or obese, and the prevalence of these conditions is rising rapidly. Remarkable …

Neuropeptides comprise the most diverse category of neurochemicals in the brain, playing
critical roles in a wide range of physiological and pathophysiological processes. Monitoring …

A long-running issue in appetite research concerns the influence of energy expenditure on
energy intake. More than 50 years ago, Otto G. Edholm proposed that “the differences …