The global public health crisis caused by COVID-19 has lasted longer than many of us
would have hoped and expected. With its high uncertainty and limited control, the COVID-19 …

Accumulating research shows that prenatal exposure to maternal stress increases the risk
for behavioral and mental health problems later in life. This review systematically analyzes …

Early life stressors display a high universal prevalence and constitute a major public health
problem. Prolonged psychoneurobiological alterations as sequelae of early life stress (ELS) …

The hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA axis) is required for stress adaptation.
Activation of the HPA axis causes secretion of glucocorticoids, which act on multiple organ …

Exposure to stress during critical periods in development can have severe long-term
consequences, increasing overall risk on psychopathology. One of the key stress response …

In concert with neuropeptides and transmitters, the end products of the hypothalamus-
pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the glucocorticoid hormones cortisol and corticosterone …

The well-replicated observation that many people maintain mental health despite exposure
to severe psychological or physical adversity has ignited interest in the mechanisms that …

The immediate and long-term effects of exposure to early life stress (ELS) have been
documented in humans and animal models. Even relatively brief periods of stress during the …

The ventral tegmental area dopamine (VTA-DA) mesolimbic circuit processes emotional,
motivational, and social reward associations together with their more demanding cognitive …

The forced swim test (FST) for rodents does not model despair or helplessness. It also is not
a read-out for depression, anxiety, psychomotor retardation or autism, because these are …