Peripheral and central sensitizations of the trigeminal nervous system are the main
mechanisms to promote the development and maintenance of chronic orofacial pain …

Synapse formation between neurons is critical for proper circuit and brain function. Prior to
activity-dependent refinement of connections between neurons, activity-independent cues …

Abstract STEP (STriatal-Enriched Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase) is a brain-specific
phosphatase that plays an important role in controlling signaling molecules involved in …

The dorsal horn (DH) neurons of the spinal cord play a critical role in nociceptive input
integration and processing in the central nervous system. Engaged neuronal classes and …

Diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP) is a frequent complication of diabetes. Calcium/calmodulin-
dependent protein kinase II α (CaMKIIα), a multi-functional serine/threonine kinase subunit …

The facilitated activity of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) in the central and
peripheral nervous systems promotes neuropathic pain. Amitriptyline (ATL) and desipramine …

Diabetes is a common metabolic disease characterized by loss of blood sugar control and a
high rate of complications. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) functions as the primary inhibitory …

Objectives: In this study, we tested the hypothesis that sustained opioid treatment
exacerbates chronic pain responses and alters spinal cord dorsal horn astrogliosis and the …

Exposure to heavy metals, such as vanadium, poses an ongoing environmental and health
threat, heightening the risk of neurodegenerative disorders. While several compounds have …

In recent decades, an area of active research has supported the notion that progesterone
promotes a wide range of remarkable protective actions in experimental models of nervous …