The long bones of the developing skeleton, such as those of the limb, arise from the process
of endochondral ossification, where cartilage serves as the initial anlage element and is …

Clefts of the lip and palate are a common craniofacial anomaly, requiring complex
multidisciplinary treatment and having lifelong implications for affected individuals. The …

The Msx1 homeobox gene is expressed at diverse sites of epithelial–mesenchymal
interaction during vertebrate embryogenesis, and has been implicated in signalling …

We demonstrate that a mutation in the homeobox gene, MSX1, causes a common
developmental anomaly, familial tooth agenesis. Genetic linkage analyses in a family with …

Lymphoid enhancer factor 1 (LEF-1) is a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein that is
expressed in pre-B and T lymphocytes of adult mice, and in the neural crest …

Numerous congenital malformations have been observed in fetuses of vitamin A-deficient
(VAD) dams [Wilson, JG, Roth, CB, Warkany, J.,(1953), Am. J. Anat. 92, 189-217]. Previous …

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are morphogenetic signaling molecules essential for
embryonic patterning. To obtain molecular insight into the influence of BMPs on …

Small eye (Sey) mice homozygous for mutations in the Pax-6 gene have no lenses and no
nasal cavities. We have examined the ontogeny of eye and nasal defects in Sey/Sey …

Introduction The shape of the face is one of the most distinctive features among humans,
and differences in facial morphology have substantial implications in areas such as social …

Cleft palate, the most frequent congenital craniofacial birth defects in humans, arises from
genetic or environmental perturbations in the multi-step process of palate development …