The earliest biologically oriented research on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) used
psychophysiological measures in an attempt to assess its emotional pathology1–3 (see Orr4 …

Startle habituation is a type of implicit and automatic emotion regulation. Diminished startle
habituation is linked to several psychiatric or neurological disorders. Most previous studies …

Heart rate variability (HRV), determined by different methods from the fluctuation of heart
rate (HR), has been used in many studies as a powerful index of autonomic function and …

We studied the short-and long-term effects of a double social defeat (SD) on sleep
parameters, EEG power, behaviour in the open field emergence test, corticosterone …

Background Trauma and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have repeatedly
been linked to impaired cardiovascular functioning. Poor fear extinction is a well-established …

Adverse situations that challenge an individual's physical or psychological integrity are
frequent throughout the lifespan. However, some situations go beyond the adaptive capacity …

Evidence suggests that respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) may be an important indicator of
physiological flexibility. However, few studies have examined the relation between RSA and …

Anxiety disorders frequently affect the general population and have a lifetime prevalence
ranging from 13.6% to 28.8%. This paper reviews full articles dealing with the …

Toxoplasma gondii (TOXO) is a neuroinvasive protozoan parasite that induces the formation
of persistent cysts in mammalian brains. It infects approximately 1.1 million people in the …

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) currently is diagnosed via subjective reports of
experiences related to the traumatic event. More objective measures are needed to assist …