The presence of microplastics in the aquatic environment poses a serious threat not only to
aquatic organisms but also to human beings that consume them. The uptake and effects of …

The approach taken in this chapter stresses the broader functional aspects of brachyuran
morphology and anatomy, and particularly how complex patterns of evolution have allowed …

Human activities such as industrialisation, urbanisation and agriculture have adversely
impacted terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Water pollutants such as heavy metals and …

The article discusses advances in osmoregulation and excretion with emphasis on how
multicellular animals in different osmotic environments regulate their milieu intérieur …

Osmoregulation is by no means an energetically cheap process, and its costs have been
extensively quantified in terms of respiration and aerobic metabolism. Common products of …

Abstract White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) causes White Spot Disease (WSD) and is
historically the most devastating disease in the shrimp industry. Global losses from this …

Global climate change is impacting organisms, biological communities and ecosystems
around the world. While most research has focused on characterizing how the climate is …

The pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) has gradually become a promising
economic species in the development of saline-alkali water fishery. The study related to the …

Ocean acidification is a global challenge that faces marine organisms in the near future with
a predicted rapid drop in pH of up to 0.4 units by the end of this century. Effects of the …

In freshwater settings the toxicity of the trace metal nickel (Ni) is relatively well understood.
However, until recently, there was little knowledge regarding Ni toxicity in waters of higher …