Preterm birth is the leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Although the
underlying causes of pregnancy-associated complication are numerous, it is well …

West Nile virus (WNV) is an emerging neurotropic flavivirus that is transmitted to humans
through the bite of an infected mosquito. WNV has disseminated broadly in the Western …

The expression of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) by immune and tissue cells provides
the host with the ability to detect and respond to infection by viruses and other …

Epidemiological studies suggest that low vitamin D levels may increase the risk or severity of
respiratory viral infections. In this study, we examined the effect of vitamin D on respiratory …

The continuous emergence of infectious pathogens along with antimicrobial resistance
creates a need for an alternative approach to treat infectious diseases. Targeting host factor …

The innate immune system responds to unique molecular signatures that are widely
conserved among microbes but that are not normally present in host cells. Compounds that …

Abstract Background The DExD/H domain containing RNA helicases such as retinoic acid-
inducible gene I (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) are key …

The discovery of regulatory small RNAs continues to reshape paradigms in both molecular
biology and virology. Here we describe examples of influenza A virus-derived small viral …

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a member of the betaherpesvirus family that, unlike
other herpesviruses, triggers a strong innate immune response in infected cells that includes …

Viral infection leads to induction of pattern-recognition receptor signaling, which leads to
interferon regulatory factor (IRF) activation and ultimately interferon (IFN) production. To …