Abstract Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), the genetic material for many RNA viruses,
induces robust host immune responses via pattern recognition receptors, which include Toll …

Abstract Ebola viral protein 35 (VP35), encoded by the highly pathogenic Ebola virus,
facilitates host immune evasion by antagonizing antiviral signaling pathways, including …

This review focuses on research findings in the area of diagnosis and pathogenesis of
hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection over the last few decades. The information based on …

Inflammation refers to the response of the immune system to viral, bacterial, and fungal
infections, or other foreign particles in the body, which can involve the production of a wide …

Type I interferons (IFNs) comprise of pro-inflammatory cytokines created, as well as sensed,
by all nucleated cells with the main objective of blocking pathogens-driven infections. Owing …

Local immunomodulation can be a promising strategy to augment the efficacy and decrease
off-target toxicities associated with cancer treatment. Pancreatic cancer is resistant to …

Extracellular RNA is becoming increasingly recognized as a signaling molecule. Virally
derived double stranded (ds) RNA released into the extracellular space during virus induced …

The early detection of invading viruses by the host depends on their identification by
pathogen sensors. These include Toll-like receptors (TLRs) as well as cytoplasmic RNA …

The human fetus and neonate are unduly susceptible to infection with a number of bacterial,
fungal, protozoal, and viral agents, many of which are not pathogenic in older children and …

Polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid (poly (I: C)) is a ligand of toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 that has
been used as an immunostimulant in humans and mice against viral diseases based on its …