Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV), which is similar to other mosquito-borne flaviviruses that
replicate well in most mammalian cells, is an emerging pathogenic flavivirus that has caused …

The innate immune system, which senses invading pathogens, plays a critical role as the
first line of host defense. After recognition of foreign RNA ligands (eg, RNA viruses), host …

Nucleic acid-based therapeutics have gained increased attention during recent decades
because of their wide range of application prospects. Immunostimulatory nucleic acids …

Melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) is a critical member of retinoic acid-
inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptor (RLR) family which can recognize viral RNA and …

The mitochondria-bound adapter MAVS participates in IFN induction by recruitment of
downstream partners such as members of the TRAF family, leading to activation of NF-κB …

The protein kinase PKR is activated by RNA with double-stranded (ds) structure and
subsequently impairs translation through phosphorylation of protein synthesis initiation …

Mammalian melanoma differentiation-associated gene-5 (MDA5) and retinoic acid-inducible
gene-I (RIG-I) selectively sense double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) according to length, as well …

Interferon (IFN) type-I is of utmost importance in the innate antiviral defence of eukaryotic
cells. The cells express intra-and extracellular receptors that monitor their surroundings for …

A defining feature of viral central nervous system (CNS) infection is the rapid onset of severe
neuroinflammation. However, the mechanisms underlying glial responses to replicative …

The recognition of nucleic acids by the innate immune system during viral infection results in
the production of type I interferons and the activation of antiviral immune responses. The …