The definition and classification of chronic kidney disease (CKD) have evolved over time,
but current international guidelines define this condition as decreased kidney function …

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at an increased risk of premature mortality,
mainly from cardiovascular causes. The association between CKD on hemodialysis and …

CHF Congestive heart failure CKD Chronic kidney disease CO Cardiac output CO2 Carbon
dioxide CPR Cardiopulmonary recirculation CTA Computed tomography angiography CVD …

Níveis de evidência Nível A Dados obtidos a partir de múltiplos estudos randomizados de
bom porte, concordantes e/ou de meta-análise robusta de estudos clínicos randomizados …

The global health burden of chronic kidney disease is rapidly rising, and chronic kidney
disease is an important risk factor for cerebrovascular disease. Proposed underlying …

Level of evidence Level A Data obtained from multiple concordant large randomized trials
and/or robust meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials Level B Data obtained from less …

Vascular access for haemodialysis is key in renal patients both due to its associated
morbidity and mortality and due to its impact on quality of life. The process, from the creation …

Patients with chronic kidney failure—defined as a glomerular filtration rate persistently below
15 mL/min per 1· 73 m 2—have an unacceptably high mortality rate. In developing countries …

Noninfectious hemodialysis catheter complications include catheter dysfunction, catheter-
related thrombus, and central vein stenosis. The definitions, causes, and treatment …

Vascular access remains one of the most challenging aspects of renal replacement therapy.
If the vascular access does not function properly, then haemodialysis will not remove …