Bacteria and their viruses have coevolved for billions of years. This ancient and still ongoing
arms race has led bacteria to develop a vast antiphage arsenal. The development of high …

Highlights•Many antiphage systems trigger regulated death of the infected cell.•Regulated
cell death protects the nearby population from the spread of infection.•Over 70% of …

Bacterial anti-phage systems are frequently clustered in microbial genomes, forming
defense islands. This property enabled the recent discovery of multiple defense systems …

Bacteria have evolved diverse immunity mechanisms to protect themselves against the
constant onslaught of bacteriophages,–. Similar to how eukaryotic innate immune systems …

It was recently shown that bacteria use, apart from CRISPR–Cas and restriction systems, a
considerable diversity of phage resistance systems,,–, but it is largely unknown how phages …

To contend with the diversity and ubiquity of bacteriophages and other mobile genetic
elements, bacteria have developed an arsenal of immune defence mechanisms. Bacterial …

Bacteria have evolved a broad range of defence mechanisms to protect against infection by
their viral parasites, bacteriophages (phages). Toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems are small loci …

Due to recent discovery efforts, over 100 immune systems encoded by bacteria that
antagonize bacteriophage (phage) replication have been uncovered. These systems …

Bacteria have evolved a wide array of mechanisms that allow them to eliminate phage
infection.'Abortive infection'(abi) systems are an expanding category of such mechanisms …

First discovered in the 1980s, retrons are bacterial genetic elements consisting of a reverse
transcriptase and a non-coding RNA (ncRNA). Retrons mediate antiphage defence in …