The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has helped us to understand how innate immunity is
activated. In addition to the Toll receptor and the Toll signaling pathway, the Drosophila …

The identification of the Drosophila melanogaster Toll pathway cascade and the subsequent
characterization of TLRs have reshaped our understanding of the immune system. Ever …

Induction of the adaptive immune response depends on the expression of co-stimulatory
molecules and cytokines by antigen-presenting cells. The mechanisms that control the initial …

The cytokine-induced activation cascade of NF-κB in mammals and the activation of the
morphogen dorsal in Drosophila embryos show striking structural and functional similarities …

The discovery of sequence homology between the cytoplasmic domains of Drosophila Toll
and human interleukin 1 receptors has sown the conviction that both molecules trigger …

▪ Abstract Infection in insects stimulates a complex defensive response. Recognition of
pathogens may be accomplished by plasma or hemocyte proteins that bind specifically to …

Boman HG (Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm,
Sweden). Antibacterial peptides: basic facts and emerging concepts (Review). J Intern Med …

One of the fundamental mechanisms whereby the innate immune system coordinates
inflammatory signal transduction is through Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which function to …

▪ Abstract In “gene-for-gene” interactions between plants and their pathogens,
incompatibility (no disease) requires a dominant or semidominant resistance (R) gene in the …

Flies respond to infection with both humoral and cellular immune defenses, including a
powerful set of inducible peptide antibiotics as well as actively proliferating and …