Pyroptosis is a kind of pro-inflammatory cell death. Compared with autophagy and
apoptosis, pyroptosis has unique characteristics in morphology and mechanism …

Abstract Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the binding-site and entry-point for
SARS-CoV-2 in human and highly expressed in the lung. Cigarette smoking (CS) is the …

COVID-19 may lead to severe respiratory distress syndrome and high risk of death in some
patients. So far (January 2021), only the antiviral remdesivir has been approved, although …

Despite progress in understanding the pathophysiology of acute lung damage, currently
approved treatment possibilities are limited to lung-protective ventilation, prone positioning …

Small molecules (less than 1,500 Da) include major biological signals that mediate host-
pathogen-microbiome communication. They also include key intermediates of metabolism …

We have previously hypothesized that pentoxifylline could be beneficial for the treatment of
COVID-19 given its potential to restore the immune response equilibrium, reduce the impact …

In December 2019, a new coronavirus, named severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged from China, causing pneumonia outbreaks first in …

Introduction Leishmaniasis is an important disease caused by parasites of the Leishmania.
Due to the urgent need for financial incentives and research and development of new anti …

We propose a new hypothesis that the established drug pentoxifylline deserves attention as
a potential repurposed therapeutic for COVID‐19. Pentoxifylline is an immunomodulator with …

Introduction Up to now, numerous randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have examined
various drugs as possible treatments for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), but the …