Opioids have proven very useful for treatment of acute pain and cancer pain, and in the
developed countries opioids are increasingly used for treatment of chronic non-malignant …

Mu opioid receptors mediate positive reinforcement following direct (morphine) or indirect
(alcohol, cannabinoids, nicotine) activation, and our understanding of mu receptor function …

Misunderstandings regarding the nature and occurrence of addiction have historically been
barriers to the appropriate treatment of pain and have stigmatized the medical use of …

There is significant experimental evidence implicating the endogenous opioid system
(opioid peptides and opioid receptors) with the processes of reward and reinforcement …

Altered subcortical dopaminergic activity is thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of
several disorders including schizophrenia, substance abuse and attention deficit …

Mounting evidence implicates the zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a promising model species for
reward and addiction research. Modeling drug abuse-related behavior in both adult and …

The knowledge that diverse populations of dopaminergic neurons within the ventral
tegmental area (VTA) can be distinguished in terms of their molecular, electrophysiological …

There is significant experimental evidence implicating the endogenous opioid system
(opioid peptides and opioid receptors) with the processes of reward and reinforcement …

Central dopaminergic (DA) systems appear to be particularly vulnerable to disruption by
exposure to stressors in early life, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. As …

Introducción. Las drogas de abuso causan adicción, la cual se caracteriza por el consumo
compulsivo y fuera de control de las drogas. Durante la primera fase del consumo, tienen …