Background Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non‐invasive technique
that allows cortical stimulation. Recent studies have shown that rTMS of the primary motor …

Throughout the first years of the twenty-first century, neurotechnologies such as motor cortex
stimulation (MCS), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and transcranial direct current …

Corydalis yanhusuo. WT extracts (YHS) are widely used for the treatment of pain and
inflammation. There are a few studies that assessed the effects of YHS in pain assays; …

We tested whether variation of the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene contributes to
individual differences in thermal pain sensitivity and analgesic efficacy of repetitive …

Here we review the literature assessing the roles of the brain dopaminergic and
serotonergic systems in the modulation of pain as revealed by in vivo human studies using …

Background The therapeutic influence of somatotopic matching between pain topography
and motor cortex stimulation site for neuropathic pain (NP) remains controversial. Methods …

The ability to modulate pain perception is as critical to survival as pain itself. The most
known pain modulation pathway is the PAG–RVM (periaqueductal gray–rostral …

Epidural stimulation of the motor cortex (eMCS) was devised in the 1990's, and has now
largely supplanted thalamic stimulation for neuropathic pain relief. Its mechanisms of action …

Epidural motor cortex stimulation (MCS) is an effective treatment for refractory neuropathic
pain; however, some individuals are unresponsive. In this study, we correlated the …

Key points This study showed a remarkable sex difference in responses of colorectal motility
to noxious stimuli in the colorectum in rats: colorectal motility was enhanced in response to …