Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and the factors responsible for its
progression need to be elucidated. Exosomes are structures with an average size of 100 nm …

Macrophages are important immune cells in innate immunity, and have remarkable
heterogeneity and polarization. Under pathological conditions, in addition to the resident …

Given that hypoxia is a persistent physiological feature of many different solid tumors and a
key driver for cancer malignancy, it is thought to be a major target in cancer treatment …

Exosomes have a crucial role in intercellular communication and mediate interactions
between tumor cells and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Exosome-encapsulated …

Gliomas are complex and heterogeneous brain tumors with poor prognosis. Glioma cells
can communicate with their surroundings to create a tumor-permissive microenvironment …

Hypoxia is a remarkable trait of the tumor microenvironment (TME). When facing selective
pressure, tumor cells show various adaptive characteristics, such as changes in the …

Chronic inflammation and immune responses are two core element that characterize the
tumor microenvironment. A large number of immune/inflammatory cells (including tumor …

Exosomes participate in intercellular communication and glioma microenvironment
modulation, but the exact mechanisms by which glioma-derived exosomes (GDEs) promote …

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are some of the most abundant immune cells within
tumors and perform a broad repertoire of functions via diverse phenotypes. On the basis of …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), a class of heterogeneous membrane vesicles, are generally
divided into exosomes and microvesicles on basis of their origination from the endosomal …