During evolution, the cerebral cortex advances by increasing in surface and the introduction
of new cytoarchitectonic areas among which the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is considered to be …

The striatum is essential for learning which actions lead to reward and for implementing
those actions. Decades of experimental and theoretical work have led to several influential …

Spontaneous animal behaviour is built from action modules that are concatenated by the
brain into sequences,. However, the neural mechanisms that guide the composition of …

Learning to predict rewards based on environmental cues is essential for survival. It is
believed that animals learn to predict rewards by updating predictions whenever the …

Hippocampal neurons encode physical variables,,,,,–such as space or auditory frequency in
cognitive maps. In addition, functional magnetic resonance imaging studies in humans have …

Recurrently connected networks of spiking neurons underlie the astounding information
processing capabilities of the brain. Yet in spite of extensive research, how they can learn …

A large body of work has aimed to define the precise information encoded by dopaminergic
projections innervating the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Prevailing models are based on …

Dopamine (DA) is a key neurotransmitter involved in multiple physiological functions
including motor control, modulation of affective and emotional states, reward mechanisms …

Dopamine neurons are characterized by their response to unexpected rewards, but they
also fire during movement and aversive stimuli. Dopamine neuron diversity has been …

Social interactions are motivated behaviors that, in many species, facilitate learning.
However, how the brain encodes the reinforcing properties of social interactions remains …