Structures of 70 unique G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been determined, with
over 370 structures in total bound to different ligands and the receptors in various …

Pulmonary drug delivery is relatively complex because the respiratory tract has evolved
defense mechanisms to keep inhaled drug particles out of the lungs and to remove or …

Abstract The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14 provides concise overviews of
the key properties of over 2000 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an …

BACKGROUND: COPD is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States as
well as throughout the rest of the world. An exacerbation of COPD (periodic escalations of …

Bronchodilators are central in the treatment of of airways disorders. They are the mainstay of
the current management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and are critical in …

Salmeterol is a partial agonist for the β2 adrenergic receptor (β2AR) and the first long-acting
β2AR agonist to be widely used clinically for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive …

β2-Agonists are effective bronchodilators due primarily to their ability to relax airway smooth
muscle (ASM). They exert their effects via their binding to the active site of β2-adrenoceptors …

Background Aclidinium/formoterol is a twice-daily (BID) fixed-dose combination (FDC) in
development for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The efficacy and safety of …

Effective treatment of severe asthma is a major unmet need because patients' symptoms are
not controlled on maximum treatment with inhaled therapy. Asthma symptoms can be poorly …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) represents a significant cause of global
morbidity and mortality, with a substantial economic impact. Recent changes in the Global …