Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most prevalent and lethal adult primary central nervous system
cancer. An immunosuppresive and highly heterogeneous tumor microenvironment …

The central nervous system (CNS) controls the acquisition and processing of peripheral
information to manage the behaviors of organisms. CNS disorders, including CNS injuries …

Endothelial cells throughout the body are heterogeneous, and this is tightly linked to the
specific functions of organs and tissues. Heterogeneity is already determined from …

Brain cancer remains the deadliest cancer. The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is impenetrable to
most drugs and is a complex 3D network of multiple cell types including endothelial cells …

Hydrogels have been extensively used as scaffolds in tissue engineering for cell adhesion,
proliferation, migration, and differentiation because of their high-water content and …

Simple Summary In this review, the thorny issue of glioblastoma models is addressed, with a
focus on 3D in vitro models. In the first part of the manuscript, glioblastoma features and …

Cancer progression is known to be accompanied by changes in tissue stiffness. Previous
studies have primarily employed immortalized cell lines and 2D hydrogel substrates, which …

Highlights•Existing models for drug discovery and development against glioblastoma
multiforme (GBM) have limitations.•We review advances in 3D systems that promise more …

The poor response of glioblastoma to current treatment protocols is a consequence of its
intrinsic drug resistance. Resistance to chemotherapy is primarily associated with …

Tumors are not merely cancerous cells that undergo mindless proliferation. Rather, they are
highly organized and interconnected organ systems. Tumor cells reside in complex …