Introduction It is now accepted that Parkinson's disease (PD) is not simply due to
dopaminergic dysfunction, and there is interest in developing non-dopaminergic …

Involuntary movements—or dyskinesias—are a debilitating complication of levodopa
therapy for Parkinson's disease that is experienced by most patients. Despite the importance …

It is well known that the nucleoside adenosine exerts a modulatory influence in the central
nervous system by activating G protein coupled receptors. Adenosine A2A receptors, the …

Extracellular adenosine critically modulates ischemic brain injury, at least in part through
activation of the A1 adenosine receptor. However, the role played by the A2A receptor has …

DARPP-32 is a dual-function protein kinase/phosphatase inhibitor that is involved in striatal
signaling. The phosphorylation of DARPP-32 at threonine 34 is essential for mediating the …

In the pursuit of improved treatments for Parkinson's disease (PD), the adenosine A2A
receptor has emerged as an attractive nondopaminergic target. Based on the compelling …

Activation of adenosine A2A receptors (A2AR) has been shown to antagonize the function of
D2 dopaminergic regulation of striatal γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐ergic output and, thus …

Brain adenosine A2A receptors have recently attracted considerable attention because of
their interaction with the dopaminergic system and as potential targets for Parkinson's …

Adenosine derived from the degradation of ATP/AMP functions as a signalling molecule in
the nervous system through the occupation of A1, A2, and A3 adenosine receptors …

Parkinson's disease is a commonly encountered neurodegenerative disorder primarily
found in aged populations. A number of medications are available to control symptoms …