Background This systematic review aimed to 1) identify the range of opioid harm reduction
interventions implemented at macro-, meso-, and micro-levels in the United States, and 2) …

Background Given the attention, funding, and services that seek to reduce overdose
mortality from fentanyl, it is important to understand whether a potential solution is for more …

Background Amidst an increasingly toxic drug supply in North America, people who inject
drugs may be transitioning to smoking them. We aimed to assess changes in injecting and …

Background Overdose deaths increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United
States. Less is known about drug use behavior changes during the same time period. We …

Background Drug use route transition interventions promote safer consumption by
facilitating a switch from injection to safer routes such as smoking or oral consumption …

Background Injection drug use poses significant risk for skin and soft tissue infections, such
as abscesses. In places with endemic fentanyl and an increasingly contaminated drug …

Background Understanding current substance use practices is critical to reduce and prevent
overdose deaths among individuals at increased risk including persons who use and inject …

Background Injection drug use is associated with risk for HIV, hepatitis C, and overdose.
Despite older age and recent initiation being associated with increased risk, most research …

Background: In response to the recent and growing shift from injecting opioids to smoking
fentanyl, an increasing number of syringe services programs (SSPs) in the USA are …

Introduction: In the past 20 years, the United States has seen a remarkable increase the use
of both methamphetamine and opioids, used concurrently or simultaneously. A more …