Cadmium (Cd) is an unessential trace element in plants that is ubiquitous in the
environment. Anthropogenic activities such as disposal of urban refuse, smelting, mining …

Phytohormones are endogenously produced organic substances indispensable for
regulating plant growth and yield and also play major role in inducing tolerance to plants …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are signaling molecules essential for plant responses to
abiotic and biotic stimuli as well as for multiple developmental processes. They are …

Since salicylic acid (SA) was discovered as an elicitor of tobacco plants inducing the
resistance against Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in 1979, increasing reports suggest that SA …

Heavy metal (HM) stress in plants has received considerable global attention as it threatens
sustainable growth in agriculture worldwide. Hence, desperate efforts have been …

Salicylic acid (SA) is a very simple phenolic compound (a C7H6O3 compound composed of
an aromatic ring, one carboxylic and a hydroxyl group) and this simplicity contrasts with its …

Heavy metal contamination of soil and water causing toxicity/stress has become one
important constraint to crop productivity and quality. This situation has further worsened by …

Plants are exposed to a variety of abiotic stresses in nature and exhibit unique and complex
responses to these stresses depending on their degree of plasticity involving many …

Ethylene is essential for many developmental processes and a key mediator of biotic and
abiotic stress responses in plants. The ethylene signaling and response pathway includes …

Heavy metal (HM)-mediated toxic effects on plants have attained considerable attention
worldwide as they directly threaten the food supply chain. Although various measures have …