Virus-like particles (VLPs) are a class of structures formed by the self-assembly of viral
capsid protein subunits and contain no infective viral genetic material. The Hepatitis B core …

Although nanomaterials (NMs) may inhibit viral pathogens, the mechanisms governing plant–
virus–nanomaterial interactions remain unknown. Nicotiana benthamiana plants were …

Plants respond to pathogens through dynamic regulation of plasma membrane-bound
signaling pathways. To date, how the plant plasma membrane is involved in responses to …

The argonaute (AGO) family proteins play a crucial role in preventing viral invasions through
the plant antiviral RNA silencing pathway, with distinct AGO proteins recruited for specific …

Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) is a devastating viral pathogen of pepper (Capsicum
annuum) but it is unclear whether and how peppers protect against PMMoV infection. The …

DNA-binding proteins (DNA-BPs) and RNA-binding proteins (RNA-BPs) have critical roles in
living cells in all kingdoms of life. Various experimental approaches exist for the study of …

The NIa protease of potyviruses is a chymotrypsin-like cysteine protease related to the
picornavirus 3C protease. It is also a multifunctional protein known to play multiple roles …

The Solanaceae or “nightshade” family is an economically important group with remarkable
diversity. To gain a better understanding of how the unique biology of the Solanaceae …

Background The allotetraploid tobacco species Nicotiana benthamiana native to Australia
has become a popular host for recombinant protein production. Although its usage grows …

The history of virology starts with a plant virus, tobacco mosaic virus, being identified as a
novel type of infectious agent in 1898 (Creager et al., 1999). Since then, the ubiquity of …